National Hockey League

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National Hockey League
Ligue nationale de hockey (French)
NHL.png
Sport Ice hockey
Founded November 26, 1917
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Inaugural season 1917–18
No. of teams 32[1]
Continent North America
Most recent champion(s) Vegas Golden Knights (1st title)
Most championship(s) Montreal Canadiens (24 titles)

[nb 1]

TV partner(s) Canada: Sportsnet[nb 2]

TVA Sports
United States
NBC
NHL Network

Official website http://www.nhl.com

The National Hockey League (NHL; French: Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH) is a professional ice hockey league composed of 30 member clubs: 23 in the United States and 7 in Canada. Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is widely considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season.

The National Hockey League was organized on November 26, 1917, at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization, the National Hockey Association (NHA), which had been founded in 1909 in Renfrew, Ontario.[2] The NHL immediately took the NHA's place as one of the leagues that contested for the Stanley Cup in an annual interleague competition before a series of league mergers and folds left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Stanley Cup in 1926.

At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, thus the adjective "National" in the league's name. The league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. From 1942 to 1967, the league had only six teams, collectively (if not contemporaneously) nicknamed the "Original Six". The NHL added six new teams to double its size at the 1967 NHL expansion. The league then increased to 18 teams by 1974 and 21 teams in 1979. Between 1991 and 2000, the NHL further expanded to 30 teams. It added its 31st team in 2017 and has approved the addition of a 32nd team in 2021.

The league's headquarters have been in New York City since 1989 when the head office moved there from Montreal.[3]

After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, the league resumed play in 2005–06 under a new collective agreement that included a salary cap. In 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences.[4]

The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) considers the Stanley Cup to be one of the "most important championships available to the sport".[5] The NHL draws many highly skilled players from all over the world and currently has players from approximately 20 countries.[6] Canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons.

The NHL's regular season is typically held from October to April, with each team playing 82 games. Following the conclusion of the regular season, 16 teams advance to the Stanley Cup playoffs, a four-round tournament that runs into June to determine the league champion. Since the league's founding in 1917, the Montreal Canadiens have won the most combined NHL titles with 25, winning three NHL championship series before the league took full exclusivity of the Stanley Cup in 1926, and 22 Stanley Cups afterwards. The reigning league champions are the Vegas Golden Knights, who defeated the Florida Panthers in the 2023 Stanley Cup Finals.

History

Part of a series on the
Emergence

of the NHL

Good old days of ice hockey.png
Leagues
  • MWCT (1883–1889)
  • AHAC (1886–1898) †
  • OHA (1890–1908) †
  • MHA (1892–1909) †
  • HCHL (1893–1903) †
  • CCHA (1896–1897) †
  • WPHL (1896–1910)
  • CAHL (1898–1905) †
  • CIAU (1902–1908) †
  • NSHL (1903–1911) †
  • FAHL (1904–1909) †
  • IPHL (1904–1907)
  • ECAHA (1906–1909) †
  • TPHL (1906–1911)
  • APHL (1907–1910) †
  • NOHL (1907–1912) †
  • OPHL (1908–1911) †
  • CHA (1909–1910) †
  • SPHL (1910–1912) †
  • NHA (1909–1917) †
  • EOPHL (1910–1911) †
  • MPHL (1911–1914) †
  • PCHA (1912–1924) †
  • NHL (1917–present) †
  • WCHL (1921–1926) †

† League had team(s) challenge for the Stanley Cup

Early North American leagues portal

Early years

The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association (NHA). Founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. But by the NHA's eighth season, a series of disputes with Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone led the other team owners, representing the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, and Quebec Bulldogs to meet about the league's future.[7] Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, and on November 26, 1917, formed the National Hockey League. Frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943.[8]

The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the Arenas, to compete with the Canadiens, Wanderers and Senators.[9] The first games were played on December 19, 1917.[10] The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations,[11] and the NHL continued on as a three-team league until the Bulldogs returned in 1919.[12]

The NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) for the 1918 Stanley Cup.[13] The Canadiens won the league title in 1919; however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu] epidemic.[14] Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL.[15] The Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus.[16] The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after they defeated the Toronto St. Patricks (formerly the Arenas) in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) for the 1925 Stanley Cup. It was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy,[17] as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation.[18]

The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons and Boston Bruins in 1924. The Bruins were the first American team in the league.[19] The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, and were joined by the Pittsburgh Pirates.[20] The New York Rangers were added in 1926.[21] The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Red Wings) were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL.[22] A group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs.[23]

The Original Six

The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, whose career ended on a vicious hit by Eddie Shore.[24] The second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenz's family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game.[25]

The Great Depression and the onset of World War II took a toll on the league. The Pirates became the Philadelphia Quakers in 1930, then folded one year later. The Senators likewise became the St. Louis Eagles in 1934, also lasting only one year.[26] The Maroons did not survive, as they suspended operations in 1938.[27] The Americans were suspended in 1942 due to a lack of players, and never revived.[28]

The league was reduced to six teams for the 1942–43 NHL season: the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs. These six teams remained constant for 25 years, a period known as the Original Six. The league reached an agreement with the Stanley Cup trustees in 1947 to take full control of the trophy, allowing the NHL to reject challenges from other leagues that wished to play for the Cup.[29]

Montreal Canadiens in 1942

Maurice "Rocket" Richard became the first player to score 50 goals, doing so in a 50-game season.[30] Richard later led the Canadiens to five consecutive titles between 1956 and 1960, a record no team has matched.[31] Willie O'Ree broke the league's colour barrier on January 18, 1958 when he made his debut with the Boston Bruins and became the first black player in league history.[32]

Post-Original Six expansion

By the mid-1960s, the desire for a network television contract in the U.S., and concerns that the Western Hockey League was planning to declare itself a major league and challenge for the Stanley Cup, spurred the league to undertake its first expansion since the 1920s. The league doubled in size for the 1967–68 season, adding the Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota North Stars, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, California Seals and St. Louis Blues.[33] Canadian fans were outraged that all six teams were placed in the United States,[34] and the league responded by adding the Vancouver Canucks in 1970 along with the Buffalo Sabres, who are located on the Canada–US border.[35] Two years later, the emergence of the newly founded World Hockey Association (WHA) led the league to add the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames to keep the rival league out of those markets.[36] In 1974, the Washington Capitals and Kansas City Scouts were added, bringing the league up to 18 teams.[37]

The National Hockey League fought the WHA for players, losing 67 to the new league in its first season of 1972–73,[38] including Bobby Hull, who signed a ten-year, $2.5 million contract with the Winnipeg Jets, the largest in hockey history at the time.[39] The league attempted to block the defections in court, but a counter-suit by the WHA led to a Philadelphia judge ruling the NHL's reserve clause to be illegal, thus eliminating the elder league's monopoly over the players.[40] Seven years of battling for players and markets financially damaged both leagues, leading to a 1979 merger agreement that saw the WHA cease operations while the NHL absorbed the Winnipeg Jets, Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers and Quebec Nordiques.[41] The owners initially rejected this merger agreement by one vote, but a massive boycott of Molson Brewery products by fans in Canada caused the Montreal Canadiens, which was owned by Molson, to reverse its position, along with the Vancouver Canucks. In a second vote the plan was approved.[42]

Wayne Gretzky played one season in the WHA for the Indianapolis Racers (eight games) and the Edmonton Oilers (72 games) before the Oilers joined the National Hockey League for the 1979–80 season.[43] Gretzky went on to lead the Oilers to four Stanley Cup championships in 1984, 1985, 1987 and 1988, and set single season records for goals (92 in 1981–82), assists (163 in 1985–86) and points (215 in 1985–86), as well as career records for goals (894), assists (1,963) and points (2,857).[43] He was traded to the Kings in 1988, a deal that dramatically improved the league's popularity in the United States, and provided the impetus for the 1990s expansion cycles that saw the addition of nine teams: the San Jose Sharks, Tampa Bay Lightning, Ottawa Senators, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Florida Panthers, Nashville Predators, Atlanta Thrashers now Winnipeg Jets, and in 2000 the Minnesota Wild and Columbus Blue Jackets.[44] On July 21, 2015, the NHL confirmed that it had received applications from prospective ownership groups in Quebec City and Las Vegas for possible expansion teams,[45] and on June 22, 2016, NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman announced the addition of a 31st franchise, based in Las Vegas, into the NHL for the 2017–18 season.[46] On December 4, 2018, the league announced a 32nd franchise in Seattle, later named the Seattle Kraken, which joined in the 2021–22 season.[47]

Labour issues

There have been four league-wide work stoppages in league history, all happening since 1992. The first was a strike by the National Hockey League Players' Association in April 1992 which lasted for ten days, but the strike was settled quickly and all affected games were rescheduled.[48]

A lockout at the start of the 1994–95 season forced the league to reduce the schedule from 84 games to just 48, with the teams playing only intra-conference games during the reduced season.[48] The resulting collective bargaining agreement (CBA) was set for renegotiation in 1998 and extended to September 15, 2004.[49]

With no new agreement in hand when the contract expired on September 15, 2004, league commissioner Gary Bettman announced a lockout of the players union and closed the league's head office.[49] The league vowed to install what it dubbed "cost certainty" for its teams, but the Players' Association countered that the move was little more than a euphemism for a salary cap, which the union initially said it would not accept. The lockout shut down the league for 310 days, the longest in sports history. The NHL became the first professional sports league to lose an entire season.[49] A new collective bargaining agreement was eventually ratified in July 2005, including a salary cap. The agreement had a term of six years with an option of extending the collective bargaining agreement for an additional year at the end of the term, allowing the league to resume as of the 2005–06 season.[49] On October 5, 2005, the first post-lockout season took to the ice with all 30 teams. The NHL received record attendance in the 2005–06 season: an average of 16,955 per game.[50] After losing a season to a labour dispute in 2005, the League's TV audience was slower to rebound because of American cable broadcaster ESPN's decision to drop the sport.[51] The league's post-lockout agreement with NBC gave the league a share of revenue from each game's advertising sales, rather than the usual lump sum paid up front for game rights. The league's annual revenues were estimated at approximately $2.27 billion.[51]

At midnight September 16, 2012, the labour pact expired, and the league again locked out the players.[52] The owners proposed reducing the players' share of hockey-related revenues from 57 percent to 47 percent.[53] All games were cancelled up to January 14, 2013, as well as the 2013 NHL Winter Classic and the 2013 NHL All-Star Weekend.[54][55][56][57] A tentative agreement was reached on January 6, 2013, on a ten-year deal.[58] On January 12, the league and the Players' Association signed a memorandum of understanding on the new deal, allowing teams to begin their training camps on January 13, with a shortened 48-game season schedule that began on January 19.[59]

Player safety issues

Player safety has become a major issue within the past five years and concussions, which result from a hard hit to the head, have been the biggest cause. With recent studies showing how concussions can affect retired players and how it has decreased their quality of life after retirement, concussions have become a very important topic of debate when it comes to player safety issues. This had significant effects on the league as elite players were being taken out of the game, such as Sidney Crosby being sidelined for approximately 10 and a half months, which adversely affected the league's marketability.[60] As a result, in December 2009, Brendan Shanahan was hired to replace Colin Campbell and given the role of Senior Vice-President of Player Safety. Shanahan began to hand out suspensions on high-profile perpetrators responsible for dangerous hits, such as Raffi Torres receiving 25 games for his hit on Marian Hossa.[61]

To aid with removing high speed collisions on icing, which had led to several potential career ending injuries such as Hurricanes' Defencemen Joni Pitkanen, the league mandated hybrid no-touch icing for the 2013–14 NHL season.[62]

On November 25, 2013, ten former players, Gary Leeman, Rick Vaive, Brad Aitken, Darren Banks, Curt Bennett, Richie Dunn, Warren Holmes, Bob Manno, Blair Stewart and Morris Titanic sued the league for negligence on protecting players from concussions. The suit came three months after the NFL agreed to pay former players US$765 million due to a player safety lawsuit.[63]

Women in the NHL

From 1952 to 1955, Marguerite Norris served as president of the Detroit Red Wings, the first woman NHL executive and the first woman to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup. In 1992 Manon Rheaume became the first woman to play a game in any of the major professional North American sports leagues, as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in an NHL pre-season game against the St. Louis Blues, stopping seven of nine shots.[64][65] In 2016 Dawn Braid was hired as the Arizona Coyotes’ skating coach, making her the first female full-time coach in the NHL.[66]

Organizational structure

The Board of Governors is the ruling and governing body of the National Hockey League. In this context, each team is a member of the league, and each member appoints a Governor (usually the owner of the club), and two alternates to the Board. The current chairman of the Board is Boston Bruins owner, Jeremy Jacobs. The Board of Governors exists to establish the policies of the league, and to uphold its constitution. Some of the responsibilities of the Board of Governors include:[67]

  • review and approve any rule changes to the game.
  • hiring and firing of the commissioner.
  • review and approve the purchase, sale, or relocation of any member club.
  • review and approve the salary caps for member clubs.
  • review and approve any changes to the structure of the game schedule.

The Board of Governors meets twice per year, in the months of June and December, with the exact date and place to be fixed by the Commissioner.

Executives

The chief executive of the league is Commissioner Gary Bettman. Some of the principal decision makers who serve under the authority of the commissioner include:

  • Deputy Commissioner & Chief Legal Officer: Bill Daly
  • Executive VP & CFO: Craig Harnett
  • Chief Operating Officer: John Collins
  • Executive VP & Director of Hockey Operations: Colin Campbell
  • NHL Enterprises: Ed Horne
  • Senior Vice-President of Player Safety: Stephane Quintal

Teams

From the 2017–18 season to the 2019–20 season, the NHL consisted of 31 teams—24 based in the United States and 7 in Canada. The NHL divided the 31 teams into two conferences: the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference. Each conference was split into two divisions: the Eastern Conference contained 16 teams (eight per division), while the Western Conference had 15 teams (seven in the Central and eight in the Pacific). The league temporarily realigned for the 2020–21 season but returned to the previous alignment the following year. With the addition of the Seattle Kraken in 2021–22 to the Pacific Division and the Arizona Coyotes' move from the Pacific to the Central, all four divisions now have eight teams each and both conferences have 16 teams.

The number of NHL teams held constant at 30 teams from the 2000–01 season, when the Minnesota Wild and the Columbus Blue Jackets joined the league as expansion teams, until 2017. That expansion capped a period in the 1990s of rapid expansion and relocation, when the NHL added nine teams to grow from 21 to 30 teams, and relocated four teams mostly from smaller, northern cities to larger, more southern metropolitan areas (Minneapolis to Dallas, Quebec City to Denver, Winnipeg to Phoenix] and Hartford to Raleigh). The league has not contracted any teams since the Cleveland Barons were merged into the Minnesota North Stars in 1978. The league expanded for the first time in 17 years[68] to 31 teams with the addition of the Vegas Golden Knights in 2017,[46] then to 32 with the addition of the Seattle Kraken in 2021.[47][69]

According to Forbes, in 2022, the top five most valuable teams were "Original Six" teams:

  1. New York Rangers – US$2 billion
  2. Toronto Maple Leafs – US$1.8 billion
  3. Montreal Canadiens – US$1.6 billion
  4. Chicago Blackhawks – US$1.4 billion
  5. Boston Bruins – US$1.3 billion.

The remaining member of the Original Six, the Detroit Red Wings, ranked ninth at US$990 million.[70]

List of teams

Current

Division Team City Arena Capacity Founded Joined
Eastern Conference
Atlantic Boston Bruins Boston, MA TD Garden 17,565 1924
Buffalo Sabres Buffalo, NY KeyBank Center 19,070 1970
Detroit Red Wings Detroit, MI Joe Louis Arena 20,027 1926
Florida Panthers Sunrise, FL BB&T Center 19,250 1993
Montreal Canadiens Montreal, QC Bell Centre 21,288 1909 1917
Ottawa Senators Ottawa, ON Canadian Tire Centre 18,694 1992
Tampa Bay Lightning Tampa, FL Amalie Arena 19,092 1992
Toronto Maple Leafs Toronto, ON Air Canada Centre 18,819 1917
Metropolitan Carolina Hurricanes Raleigh, NC PNC Arena 18,680 1972 1979*
Columbus Blue Jackets Columbus, OH Nationwide Arena 18,500 2000
New Jersey Devils Newark, NJ Prudential Center 16,514 1974*
New York Islanders New York, NY Barclays Center 15,795 1972
New York Rangers New York, NY Madison Square Garden 18,006 1926
Philadelphia Flyers Philadelphia, PA Wells Fargo Center 19,543 1967
Pittsburgh Penguins Pittsburgh, PA PPG Paints Arena 18,387 1967
Washington Capitals Washington, D.C. Verizon Center 18,506 1974
Western Conference
Pacific Anaheim Ducks Anaheim, CA Honda Center 17,174 1993
Calgary Flames Calgary, AB Scotiabank Saddledome 19,289 1972*
Edmonton Oilers Edmonton, AB Rogers Place 18,641 1972 1979
Los Angeles Kings Los Angeles, CA Staples Center 18,230 1967
San Jose Sharks San Jose, CA SAP Center at San Jose 17,562 1991
Seattle Kraken Seattle, WA Climate Pledge Arena 17,151 2021
Vancouver Canucks Vancouver, BC Rogers Arena 18,910 1945 1970
Vegas Golden Knights Paradise, NV T-Mobile Arena 17,500 2017
Central Arizona Coyotes Glendale, AZ Gila River Arena 17,125 1972 1979*
Chicago Blackhawks Chicago, IL United Center 19,717 1926
Colorado Avalanche Denver, CO Pepsi Center 18,007 1972 1979*
Dallas Stars Dallas, TX American Airlines Center 18,532 1967*
Minnesota Wild St. Paul, MN Xcel Energy Center 17,954 2000
Nashville Predators Nashville, TN Bridgestone Arena 17,113 1998
St. Louis Blues St. Louis, MO Scottrade Center 19,150 1967
Winnipeg Jets Winnipeg, MB MTS Centre 15,294 1999*
Notes
  1. An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.
  2. The Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers, Quebec Nordiques, and original Winnipeg Jets all joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL–WHA merger.

Defunct and relocated teams

First First year in the NHL
Last Last year in the NHL
Record Win–loss–tie–overtime record
Win% Winning percentage
PA NHL (1918–1926) / Stanley Cup playoff (1927–) appearances
SC Stanley Cup wins
* Denotes active franchise
Team First Last Relocated to Seasons Record Win% PA SC Reason for relocation/disbandment Reference
Montreal Wanderers 1917 1918[g] &0000000000000000000000Defunct 1 &00000000000000010000001–5–0 .167 0 0 Lack of available players due to World War I and arena burned down[71]
Quebec Bulldogs 1919 1920 Hamilton Tigers 1 &00000000000000040000004–20–0 .167 0 0 Sold to a Hamilton-based company[72]
Hamilton Tigers 1920 1925 &0000000000000000000000Defunct 5 &000000000000004700000047–78–1 .377 0 0 Ceased operations due to players' strike; players were bought by the New York Americans.[73] [74]
Pittsburgh Pirates[a] 1925 1930 Philadelphia Quakers 5 &000000000000006700000067–122–23 .370 2 0 Financial problems during the Great Depression[75]
Philadelphia Quakers 1930 1931 &0000000000000000000000Defunct 1 &00000000000000040000004–36–4 .136 0 0 Financial problems during the Great Depression[76]
Ottawa Senators[b] 1917 1934 St. Louis Eagles 16[h] &0000000000000258000000258–221–63 .534 9 4 Financial problems during the Great Depression[77] [78]
St. Louis Eagles 1934 1935 &0000000000000000000000Defunct 1 &000000000000001100000011–31–6 .292 0 0 Financial problems during the Great Depression[79] [80]
Montreal Maroons 1924 1938 &0000000000000000000000Defunct 14 &0000000000000271000000271–260–91 .509 11 2 Financial problems during the Great Depression[81] [82]
Brooklyn Americans[c] 1925 1942 &0000000000000000000000Defunct 17 &0000000000000255000000255–402–127 .406 5 0 Financial problems, plus lack of players due to World War II; formally ceased in 1946.[83]
California Golden Seals[d] 1967 1976 Cleveland Barons 9 &0000000000000182000000182–401–115 .343 2 0 In search of better financial conditions; Cleveland is the hometown of minority owner George Gund III.[84] [85]
Kansas City Scouts 1974 1976 Colorado Rockies 2 &000000000000002700000027–110–23 .241 0 0 Financial problems; sold to a group of investors with the intention to move.[86] [87]
Cleveland Barons 1976 1978 Minnesota North Stars (merge) 2 &000000000000004700000047–87–26 .375 0 0 Both teams with financial problems[88] [85]
Atlanta Flames 1972 1980 Calgary Flames* 8 &0000000000000268000000268–260–108 .506 6 0 Financial problems; sold to Nelson Skalbania with the intention to move to Calgary.[89] [90]
Colorado Rockies[e] 1976 1982 New Jersey Devils* 6 &0000000000000113000000113–281–86 .325 0 0 Sold to John McMullen in search of better financial conditions; New Jersey is McMullen's home state.[91] [87]
Minnesota North Stars 1967 1993 Dallas Stars* 26 &0000000000000758000000758–970–334 .449 17 0 In search of better financial conditions.[92][93] [94]
Quebec Nordiques 1979 1995 Colorado Avalanche* 16 &0000000000000497000000497–599–160 .459 9 0 Financial problems; sold to a Denver-based group.[95] [96]
Winnipeg Jets[f] 1979 1996 Arizona Coyotes* 17 &0000000000000506000000506–660–172 .442 11 0 Sold to a group of investors with the intention to move in search of better financial conditions.[97] [98]
Hartford Whalers 1979 1997 Carolina Hurricanes* 18 &0000000000000534000000534–709–177 .438 8 0 In search of better financial conditions.[99] [100]
Atlanta Thrashers 1999 2011 Winnipeg Jets* 11[i] &0000000000000342000000342–437–45–78 .447 1 0 Financial problems; sold to a Winnipeg-based.[101]
Notes
  • a This team was not affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).
  • b This team was not affiliated with the present-day Ottawa Senators.
  • c The team was formerly known as the New York Americans (1925–41), and was not affiliated with the Rangers, the Islanders, or the Devils. In addition, the Devils relocated from East Rutherford to Newark in 2007, while the Islanders relocated from Uniondale to Brooklyn in 2015. However, the Devils and the Islanders have never relocated out of the New York metropolitan area.
  • d The team was formerly known as the California Seals (1967) and Oakland Seals (1967–70).
  • e This team was not affiliated with the Colorado Rockies of MLB.
  • f This team was not affiliated with the present-day Winnipeg Jets.
  • g The Wanderers played four games during the 1917-18 season before becoming defunct; a further two games were defaulted before the club folded.[102]
  • h The Senators were on hiatus during the 1931-32 season.
  • i The 2004-05 season was cancelled due to the season lockout.

Game

NHL logo, used from 1946 until 2005

Each National Hockey League regulation game is 60 minutes long. The game is composed of three 20-minute periods with an intermission between periods.[103] At the end of regulation time, the team with the most goals wins the game. If a game is tied after regulation time, overtime ensues. During the regular season, overtime is a five-minute, three-on-three sudden-death period, in which whoever scores a goal first will win the game.

Los Angeles Kings' Mike Weaver clearing the puck away from Calgary Flames' Daymond Langkow, December 21, 2005.

If the game is still tied at the end of overtime, the game enters a shootout. Three players for each team in turn take a penalty shot. The team with the most goals during the three-round shootout wins the game. If the game is still tied after the three shootout rounds, the shootout continues but becomes sudden-death. Whichever team ultimately wins the shootout is awarded a goal in the game score and thus awarded two points in the standings. The losing team in overtime or shootout is awarded only one.[104] Shootout goals and saves are not tracked in hockey statistics; shootout statistics are tracked separately.

There are no shootouts during the playoffs. Instead, multiple sudden-death, 20-minute five-on-five periods are played until one team scores. Two games have reached six overtime periods, but none have gone beyond six.[105] During playoff overtime periods, the only break is to clean the loose ice at the first stoppage after the period is halfway finished.[106]

Diagram of an NHL hockey rink: 1. penalty boxes
2. team benches
3. scorekeepers' area

National Hockey League games are played on a rectangular hockey rink with rounded corners surrounded by walls and Plexiglas. It measures 200 feet (60.96 m) by 85 feet (25.91 m) in the NHL,[107] approximately the same length but much narrower than International Ice Hockey Federation standards. The centre line divides the ice in half,[108] and is used to judge icing violations. There are two blue lines that divide the rink roughly into thirds, delineating one neutral and two attacking zones.[108] Near the end of both ends of the rink, there is a thin red goal line spanning the width of the ice, which is used to judge goals and icing calls.

A trapezoidal area behind each goal net has been introduced.[109] The goaltender can play the puck only within the trapezoid or in front of the goal line; if the goaltender plays the puck behind the goal line and outside the trapezoidal area, a two-minute minor penalty for delay of game is assessed.[110] The rule is unofficially nicknamed the "Martin Brodeur rule".[111][112][113][114]

Since the 2013–14 season, the league trimmed the goal frames by 4 inches (10 cm) on each side and reduced the size of the goalies' leg pads.[115]

Rules

The National Hockey League's rules are one of the two standard sets of professional ice hockey rules in the world. The rules themselves have evolved directly from the first organized indoor ice hockey game in Montreal in 1875, updated by subsequent leagues up to 1917, when the NHL adopted the existing NHA set of rules. The NHL's rules are the basis for rules governing most professional and major junior ice hockey leagues in North America. Infractions of the rules, such as offside and icing, lead to a stoppage of play and subsequent face-offs, while more serious infractions leading to penalties to the offending teams. The league also determines the specifications for playing equipment used in its games.

The league has regularly modified its rules to counter perceived imperfections in the game. The penalty shot was adopted from the Pacific Coast Hockey Association to ensure players were not being blocked from opportunities to score. For the 2005–06 season, the league changed some of the rules regarding being offside. First, the league removed the "offside pass" or "two-line pass" rule, which required a stoppage in play if a pass originating from inside a team's defending zone was completed on the offensive side of the centre line, unless the puck crossed the line before the player. Furthermore, the league reinstated the "tag-up offside" which allows an attacking player a chance to get back onside by returning to the neutral zone. The changes to the offside rule were among several rule changes intended to increase overall scoring, which had been in decline since the expansion years of the mid-nineties and the increased prevalence of the neutral zone trap. Since 2005, when a team is guilty of icing the puck they are not allowed to make a line change or skater substitution of any sort before the following face-off (except to replace an injured player or re-install a pulled goaltender). Since 2013, the league has used hybrid icing, where a linesman stops play due to icing if a defending player (other than the goaltender) crosses the imaginary line that connects the two face-off dots in their defensive zone before an attacking player is able to. This was done to counter a trend of player injury in races to the puck.

The league's rules differ from the rules of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), as used in tournaments such as the Olympics, which were themselves derived from the Canadian amateur ice hockey rules of the early 20th century. In the NHL, fighting leads to major penalties while IIHF rules, and most amateur rules, call for the ejection of fighting players. Usually a penalized team cannot replace a player that is penalized on the ice and is thus short-handed for the duration of the penalty, but if the penalties are coincidental, for example when two players fight, both teams remain at full strength. Also, unlike minor penalties, major penalties must be served to their full completion, regardless of number of goals scored during the power play. The NHL and IIHF differ also in playing rules, such as icing, the areas of play for goaltenders, helmet rules, officiating rules, timeouts and play reviews.

The league also imposes a conduct policy on its players. Players are banned from gambling and criminal activities have led to the suspension of players. The league and the Players' Association agreed to a stringent anti-doping policy in the 2005 bargaining agreement. The policy provides for a twenty-game suspension for a first positive test, a sixty-game suspension for a second positive test, and a lifetime suspension for a third positive test.

Season structure

The National Hockey League season is divided into a regular season (from early October through early to mid April) and a postseason (the Stanley Cup playoffs).

During the regular season, clubs play each other in a predefined schedule. In the regular season, each team plays 82 games: 41 games each of home and road. Eastern teams play 30 games in their own geographic division—four or five against each of their seven other divisional opponents—and 24 games against the eight remaining non-divisional intra-conference opponents—three games against every team in the other division of its conference. Western teams play 28 or 29 games in their own geographic division-four or five against each of their six other divisional opponents-and 21 or 22 games against the seven remaining non-divisional intra-conference opponents-three games against every team in the other division of its conference, with one cross-division intra-conference match-up occurring in four games. All teams play every team in the other conference twice-home and road.

The league's regular season standings are based on a point system. Two points are awarded for a win, one point for losing in overtime or a shootout, and zero points for a loss in regulation. At the end of the regular season, the team that finishes with the most points in each division is crowned the division champion, and the league's overall leader is awarded the Presidents' Trophy.

The Stanley Cup playoffs, which go from April to the beginning of June, is an elimination tournament where two teams play against each other to win a best-of-seven series in order to advance to the next round. The final remaining team is crowned the Stanley Cup champion. Eight teams from each conference qualify for the playoffs: the top three teams in each division plus the two conference teams with the next highest number of points. The Stanley Cup playoffs are an elimination tournament where the teams are grouped in pairs to play best-of-seven series and the winners moving on to the next round. The two conference champions proceed to the Stanley Cup Final. In all rounds, the higher-ranked team is awarded home-ice advantage, with four of the seven games played at this team's home venue. In the Stanley Cup Final, the team with the most points during the regular season has home-ice advantage.

Entry Draft

The annual NHL Entry Draft consists of a seven-round off-season draft held in late June. Amateur players from junior, collegiate, or European leagues are eligible to enter the Entry Draft. The selection order is determined by a combination of the standings at the end of the regular season, playoff results, and a draft lottery. The 14 teams that did not qualify for the playoffs are entered in a weighted lottery to determine the initial draft picks in the first round, with the 30th-place team having the best chance of winning the lottery. Once the lottery determines the initial draft picks, the order for the remaining non-playoff teams is determined by the standings at the end of the regular season. For those teams that did qualify for the playoffs, the draft order is then determined by the order in which they were eliminated, with the Stanley Cup winner getting the 30th and last pick, and the runner-up is given the 29th pick.

Trophies and awards

Stanley Cup championships
Defunct teams not included.
Team Titles
Montreal Canadiens 24*
Toronto Maple Leafs 13
Detroit Red Wings 11
Boston Bruins 6
Chicago Blackhawks 6
Edmonton Oilers 5
Pittsburgh Penguins 5
New York Islanders 4
New York Rangers 4
New Jersey Devils 3
Colorado Avalanche 3
Tampa Bay Lightning 3
Los Angeles Kings 2
Philadelphia Flyers 2
Anaheim Ducks 1
Calgary Flames 1
Carolina Hurricanes 1
Dallas Stars 1
St. Louis Blues 1
Vegas Golden Knights 1
Washington Capitals 1
*Includes one pre-NHL championship

Teams

The most prestigious team award is the Stanley Cup, which is awarded to the league champion at the end of the Stanley Cup playoffs. The team that has the most points in the regular season is awarded the Presidents' Trophy.

The Montreal Canadiens are the most successful franchise in the league. Since the formation of the league in 1917, they have 25 NHL championships (three between 1917 and 1925 when the Stanley Cup was still contested in an interleague competition, twenty-two since 1926 after the Stanley Cup became the NHL's championship trophy). They also lead all teams with 24 Stanley Cup championships (one as an NHA team, twenty-three as an NHL team).

The longest streak of winning the Stanley Cup in consecutive years is five, held by the Montreal Canadiens from 1955–56 to 1959–60. The 1977 edition of the Montreal Canadiens, the second of four straight Stanley Cup champions, was named by ESPN as the second greatest sports team of all-time. Montreal, however, has not won a Stanley Cup since 1993.

The next most successful NHL franchise is the Toronto Maple Leafs with 13 Stanley Cup championships, but they have not won one since 1967. The Detroit Red Wings, with 11 Stanley Cup championships, are the most successful American franchise.

Players

There are numerous trophies that are awarded to players based on their statistics during the regular season; they include, among others, the Art Ross Trophy for the league scoring champion (goals and assists), the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy for the goal-scoring leader, and the William M. Jennings Trophy for the goaltender(s) for the team with the fewest goals against them.

The other player trophies are voted on by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association or the team general managers. These individual awards are presented at a formal ceremony held in late June after the playoffs have concluded. The most prestigious individual award is the Hart Memorial Trophy which is awarded annually to the Most Valuable Player; the voting is conducted by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association to judge the player who is the most valuable to his team during the regular season. The Vezina Trophy is awarded annually to the person deemed the best goaltender as voted on by the general managers of the teams in the NHL. The James Norris Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the National Hockey League's top defenceman, the Calder Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the top rookie, and the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy is awarded to the player deemed to combine the highest degree of skill and sportsmanship; all three of these awards are voted on by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association.

In addition to the regular season awards, the Conn Smythe Trophy is awarded annually to the most valuable player during the NHL's Stanley Cup playoffs. Furthermore, the top coach in the league wins the Jack Adams Award as selected by a poll of the National Hockey League Broadcasters Association. The National Hockey League publishes the names of the top three vote getters for all awards, and then names the award winner during the NHL Awards Ceremony.

Players, coaches, officials, and team builders who have had notable careers are eligible to be voted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Players cannot enter until three years have passed since their last professional game, the shortest such time period of any major sport. One unique consequence has been Hall of Fame members (specifically, Gordie Howe, Guy Lafleur, and Mario Lemieux) coming out of retirement to play once more. If a player was deemed significant enough, the three-year wait would be waived; only ten individuals have been honoured in this manner. In 1999, Wayne Gretzky joined the Hall and became the last player to have the three-year restriction waived. After his induction, the Hall of Fame announced that Gretzky would be the last to have the waiting period waived.

International competitions

Main article: List of international games played by NHL teams
See also: List of international ice hockey competitions featuring NHL players.

The National Hockey League has occasionally participated in international club competitions. Most of these competitions were arranged by the NHL or NHLPA. The first international club competition was held in 1976, with eight NHL teams playing against the Soviet Championship League's HC CSKA Moscow, and Krylya Sovetov Moscow. Between 1976 and 1991, the NHL, and the Soviet Championship League would hold a number of exhibition games between the two leagues known as the Super Series. No NHL club had played a Russian club from the end of the Super Series in 1991 to 2008, when the New York Rangers faced Metallurg Magnitogorsk in the 2008 Victoria Cup.

In addition to the Russian clubs, NHL clubs had participated in a number of international club competitions with various European leagues. In the 2000s the NHL had organized four NHL Challenge series between NHL, and European clubs. From 2007 to 2011, the NHL organized exhibition games prior to the beginning of the season, known as the NHL Premier, between NHL clubs and teams from a number of European leagues. The 2011 NHL Premiere was the last NHL-organized club competition involving European teams. NHL clubs have also participated in IIHF-organized club tournaments. The most recent IIHF-organized event including a NHL club was the 2009 Victoria Cup, between the Swiss National League A's ZSC Lions, and the Chicago Blackhawks.

Since 1998, during the quadrennial Winter Olympic years, the NHL has suspended its all-star game and expanded the traditional all-star break to allow NHL players to represent their countries in the Olympic ice hockey tournament. Conversely, the annual Ice Hockey World Championships are held every May at the same time as the Stanley Cup Playoffs. Thus, NHL players generally only join their respective country's team in the World Championships if their respective NHL team has been eliminated from Stanley Cup contention, or did not make the playoffs.

As well as participating in the above international club competitions, the NHL and the National Hockey League Players' Association organizes the World Cup of Hockey. Unlike the Ice Hockey World Championships and the Olympic tournament, both run by the International Ice Hockey Federation, the World Cup of Hockey is played under NHL-rules and not those of the IIHF. The tournament takes place prior to the NHL pre-season. The event is planned to be a quadrennial event beginning in 2016.[116]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ While the Montreal Canadiens have 24 Stanley Cup wins in their history, the Stanley Cup has not always been the NHL championship trophy. Prior to 1926, it was an inter-league championship. The Canadiens won one Stanley Cup championship prior to the formation of the NHL (in 1916 as a member of the National Hockey Association), and 23 Stanley Cups as a member of the NHL. Montreal also won the NHL championship on two occasions where they did not win the Stanley Cup: in 1918–19 when the Spanish flu cancelled the Stanley Cup finals against the Seattle Metropolitans of Pacific Coast Hockey Association and in 1924–25 when they lost in the Stanley Cup finals to the Western Canada Hockey League's Victoria Cougars. Thus, the team has a total of 25 NHL championships.
  2. ↑ As Rogers Media is the sole national rightsholder in Canada, Rogers sub-licensed some games to the CBC and TVA Sports.

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  116. ↑ "New-look World Cup of hockey back for 2016". http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/new-look-world-cup-of-hockey-back-for-2016/. Retrieved January 24, 2015. 


National Hockey League seasons
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