Coloured Hockey League
| Coloured Hockey League | |
| |
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| Founded | |
| No. of teams | |
| Continent | North America |
The Coloured Hockey League was an all-black ice hockey league founded in Nova Scotia in 1895,[1] which featured teams from across Canada's Maritime Provinces.[2][3] The league operated for several decades lasting until 1930.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
With as many as a dozen teams, over 400 African Canadian players from across Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island participated in competition.[13] The Coloured Hockey League is credited by some as being the first league to allow the goaltender to leave his feet to cover a puck in 1900. This practice was not permitted elsewhere until the formation of the National Hockey League in 1917. In their book Black Ice: The Lost History of the Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes, 1895-1925, historians George and Darril Fosty state that the first player to use the slapshot was Eddie Martin of the Halifax Eureka in 1906.[14][9][15]
Personnel
Colored Hockey League Officials –1894-1895
Pastor James Borden – Dartmouth Lake Church
Henry Sylvester Williams – Activist (1894-1895)
Peter Evander McKerrow – Lay Minister, Cornwallis Street Baptist Church
Frank Saunders – Team Captain Halifax Stanleys
Henry "Braces" Franklyn -Team Captain Dartmouth Jubilees
Dartmouth Jubilees 1894 - 1895
Henry "Braces" Franklyn -Forward/Goal (Team Captain)
Thomas "Tommy" Tynes, Jr. -Forward/Cover Point
Charles Borden -Forward/Point
John "Cut" Brown -Forward
Charles Flint -Forward
F. Flint -Point
B. Green -Cover Point
R. Reilly -Forward
Halifax Stanleys 1894-1895: 1895 Colored League Champions
Walter Saunders –Forward
Agustus "Gus" Adams - Point
Charles Allison - Point
Alfred Carter - Forward
George Clyke -Goal
B. McKerrow – Forward
Frank Saunders – Forward /Team Captain
Dartmouth Jubilees 1896
Henry "Braces" Franklyn -Forward/Goal /Team Captain
Thomas "Tommy" Tynes, Jr. -Forward/Cover Point
Charles Borden -Forward/Point
John "Cut" Brown -Forward
Charles Flint -Forward
Dartmouth Jubilees 1897
Henry "Braces" Franklyn -Forward/Goal/Team Captain
Thomas "Tommy" Tynes, Jr. -Forward/Cover Point
Charles Borden -Forward/Point
John "Cut" Brown -Forward
Charles Flint -Forward
Colored Hockey League Officials –1895-1897
Peter Evander McKerrow – Lay Minister, Cornwallis Street Baptist Church
Frank Saunders – Team Captain Halifax Stanleys
Henry "Braces" Franklyn -Team Captain Dartmouth Jubilees
Dartmouth Jubilees 1898
Henry "Braces" Franklyn -Forward/Goal/Team Captain
Thomas "Tommy" Tynes, Jr. -Forward/Cover Point
Charles Borden -Forward/Point
John "Cut" Brown -Forward
George Collins -
Charles Flint -Forward
C. Johnson -Forward
Edward Johnson -
Oscar Johnson -
T. McCann –
Halifax Eurekas 1898: 1898 Colored League Champions
James E. Dixon - Goal
Agustus “Gus” Adams - Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Charles Allison -Forward
William “Harry” A. Flint – Goal/Point
Stanley Johnson - Goal
Frank L. Symonds
Walter “Jack” Thomas – Forward/Point
___ Wilson -Forward
James A.R. Kinney –Team Manager
Colored Hockey League Officials –1898-1900
James A.R. Kinney – Cornwallis Street Baptist Church/ League President
James Robinson Johnston – Cornwallis Street Baptist Church/Legal Advisor
Henry "Braces" Franklyn -Team Captain Dartmouth Jubilees until 1899
C. Johnson - Team Captain Dartmouth Jubilees 1899
James Carvery – Africville Seasides Vice President, 1899
James E. Dixon – Africville Seasides Team Captain/Team Secretary , 1899
James Paris – Africville Seasides Team President , 1899
A. Edward “Eddie” Martin – Halifax Eurekas Team Captain, 1899
George Clyke – Truro Victorias Team Founder/Team Captain, 1899
Dartmouth Jubilees 1899
Fred "Freddie" Borden -Goal/Forward
Thomas "Tommy" Tynes, Jr. -Forward/Cover Point
John "Cut" Brown -Forward
Charles Flint -Forward
George Wiliams -Point/Goal
C. Johnson -Forward (Named Team Captain 1899)
Walter Saunders –Forward
Africville Seasides 1899
John Brown, Jr. -Forward
James Carvery -Forward/Center/Goal (Elected Team Vice President, 1899)
John Cassiday -Point /Defense/Goal
John "Cut" Brown -Forward (played one game versus the Eurekas)
William Carvery, Sr. -Goal
Allen Dixon -Forward/Point/Rover
James E. Dixon - Goal/Forward/Point/Left Wing /Team Captain/Team Secretary
Wallace Dixon -Forward/Cover Point
Richard "Dick" Dixon -Sub/Forward
James Paris -Point/Goal (Team President)
William G. Howe, Jr. -Team Executive
T.G. MacDonald -Treasurer and Manager
Halifax Eurekas 1899: 1899 Colored League Champions
Allen Dixon -Forward/Point/Rover (played one game)
Agustus “Gus” Adams –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Charles Allison -Forward
Stanley Johnson -Goal
A. Edward “Eddie” Martin –Cover Point/Team Captain
Walter “Jack” Thomas –Forward/Point
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Truro Victorias 1899
George Clyke – Team Founder/Center-Point/Team Captain
Alex Ash
D. Buchanan
Oscar Clyke
Thomas "Willie" Connolly
Arthur Paris
Norman Paris
Colored Hockey League Officials –1900-1910
James A.R. Kinney – Cornwallis Street Baptist Church/ League President
James Robinson Johnston – Cornwallis Street Baptist Church/Legal Advisor
George Clyke - Truro Victorias Team Founder/Team Captain (1899-1904)
A. Edward “Eddie” Martin – Halifax Eurekas Team Captain (1899-1901)
John “Jack” T. Mills – West End Rangers Team Captain (1900-1904)
James Paris – Africville Seasides Team President -1900
William G. Howe, Jr. – Africville Seasides Team Executive -1900
T.G. MacDonald – Africville Seasides Treasurer and Manager –1900-1904
Walter Saunders – Dartmouth Victorias Team Captain – 1902
Adolphus Francis Skinner – Halifax Eurekas Team Captain-1902
Albert Emmerson – Hammond Plains Moss Backs Team Captain -1904
George Taylor – Halifax Eurekas Team Captain 1904-1906
Adolphus Francis Skinner –Amherst Royals Coach/Captain 1905-1906
Truro Victorias 1900
George Clyke – Team Founder/Center-Point/Team Captain
Alex Ash
D. Buchanan
Oscar Clyke
Thomas "Willie" Connolly
Arthur Paris
Norman Paris
Dartmouth Jubilees 1900
Fred "Freddie" Borden -Goal/Forward
C. Johnson -Forward
George Williams -Point/Goal
Halifax Eurekas 1900: 1900 Colored League Champions
Fred "Freddie" Borden -Goal/Forward (played one game vs Seasides)
Agustus “Gus” Adams –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Charles Allison -Forward
A. Edward “Eddie” Martin –Cover Point (Team Captain)
Walter “Jack” Thomas –Forward/Point
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
John “Harley” Davidson –Point
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Charlottetown West End Rangers 1900
Edmond Byers -Point
A. “Harry” McNeill –Goal -Center
George “Hurley” Mills – Cover Point
John “Jack” T. Mills –Rover/Team Captain.
Albert “Bert” Mills –Left Wing
Africville Seasides 1900
John Brown, Jr. -Forward
James Carvery -Forward/Center/Goal
John Cassiday -Point /Defense/Goal
Richard "Dick" Carvery - Forward/Right Wing
William Carvery, Sr. -Goal
Allen Dixon -Forward/Point/Rover
James E. Dixon - Goal/Forward/Point/Left Wing
Wallace Dixon -Forward/Cover Point
Richard "Dick" Dixon -Sub/Forward
James Paris -Point/Goal/Team President
William G. Howe, Jr. -Team Executive
T.G. MacDonald -Treasurer and Manager
Dartmouth Jubilees 1901
C. Johnson -Forward
George Wiliams -Point/Goal
Charlottetown West End Rangers 1901: Co-1901 Colored League Champions
Edmond Byers -Point
A. “Harry” McNeill –Goal -Center
George “Hurley” Mills – Cover Point
John “Jack” T. Mills –Rover/Team Captain
Albert “Bert” Mills –Left Wing
Truro Victorias 1901
George Clyke – Team Founder/Center-Point/Team Captain
Alex Ash
D. Buchanan
Oscar Clyke
Thomas "Willie" Connolly
Arthur Paris
Norman Paris
Africville Seasides 1901: Co -1901 Colored League Champions
James Carvery -Forward/Center/Goal
John Cassiday -Point /Defense/Goal
Richard "Dick" Carvery - Forward/Right Wing
William Carvery, Sr. -Goal
Allen Dixon -Forward/Point/Rover
James E. Dixon - Goal/Forward/Point/Left Wing
Wallace Dixon -Forward/Cover Point
Richard "Dick" Dixon -Sub/Forward
William G. Howe, Jr. -Team Executive
A. Edward “Eddie” Martin –Cover Point (Joined team after starting season on Eurekas)
T.G. MacDonald -Treasurer and Manager
Halifax Eurekas 1901
Agustus “Gus” Adams –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Charles Allison -Forward
A. Edward “Eddie” Martin –Cover Point /Team Captain
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Dartmouth Victorias 1902
Walter Saunders -Forward (Named Team Captain in 1902)
____ Lee - Cover Point
Charlottetown West End Rangers 1902: Co- 1902 Colored League Champions
Edmond Byers -Point
A. “Harry” McNeill –Goal -Center
George “Hurley” Mills – Cover Point
John “Jack” T. Mills –Rover/Team Captain.
Albert “Bert” Mills –Left Wing
_____ DeCourcey - Forward
Lemuel "Lewis" Mills - Right Wing
Al Ryan –Center
Truro Victorias 1902
George Clyke - Team Founder/Center-Point//Team Captain
John Cassidy –Point
Alex Ash
D. Buchanan
Oscar Clyke
Thomas "Willie" Connolly
Arthur Paris
Norman Paris
Dartmouth Jubilees 1902
C. Johnson -Forward
George Wiliams -Point/Goal
Gilbert Richard Lattimore -Point
Halifax Eurekas 1902
Gilbert Richard Lattimore -Point (played one game versus Truro)
Agustus “Gus” Adams –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Charles Allison –Forward
Herbert W. Allison -Goal
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
William “Harry” A. Flint –Goal/Point
Adolphus Francis Skinner –Team Captain
George Taylor –Cover Point
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Africville Seasides 1902: Co-1902 Colored League Champions
John Cassidy -Point /Defense/Goal
James Carvery -Forward/Center/Goal
Frederick Carvery -Sub
Richard "Dick" Carvery - Forward/Right Wing
William Carvery, Sr. -Goal
Allen Dixon -Forward/Point/Rover
James E. Dixon - Goal/Forward/Point/Left Wing
Wallace Dixon -Forward/Cover Point
Richard "Dick" Dixon -Sub/Forward
William G. Howe, Jr. -Team Executive
T.G. MacDonald -Treasurer and Manager
Dartmouth Victorias 1903
Walter Saunders –Forward
Charlottetown West End Rangers 1903: Co-1903 Colored League Champions
Edmond Byers -Point
A. “Harry” McNeill –Goal -Center
George “Hurley” Mills – Cover Point
John “Jack” T. Mills –Rover/Team Captain.
Albert “Bert” Mills –Left Wing
Lemuel "Lewis" Mills - Right Wing
_____Stanley, Cover Point
E. Crosby -Goal
Truro Victorias 1903
George Clyke - Team Founder/Center-Point//Team Captain
John Cassidy –Point
Alex Ash
D. Buchanan
Oscar Clyke
Thomas "Willie" Connolly
Arthur Paris
Norman Paris
Dartmouth Jubilees 1903
C. Johnson -Forward
Gilbert Richard Lattimore -Point
Amherst Royals 1903
L. Martin -Goal/Forward/Center
L. Lee - Rover
H. Ross -Cover Point
Joe Parsons -Goal
George Ross -Right Wing
Charles Cooke-Point
James Cumming -Point/Left Wing
Alexander Jackson - Rover
____Riley -Left Wing
____Isard
Truro Victorias 1903
George Clyke- Team Founder/Center-Point/Team Captain
George Williams -Point/Goal
James Arthur Clyke -Goal
William H. Clyke
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Alexander Joseph Paris -Rover
O. Paris –Right Wing.
Africville Seasides 1903
John Cassidy -Point /Defense/Goal
James Carvery -Forward/Center/Goal
Frederick Carvery -Sub
Richard "Dick" Carvery - Forward/Right Wing
William Carvery, Sr. -Goal
Allen Dixon -Forward/Point/Rover
James E. Dixon - Goal/Forward/Point/Left Wing
Wallace Dixon -Forward/Cover Point
Richard "Dick" Dixon -Sub/Forward
William G. Howe, Jr. -Team Executive
T.G. MacDonald -Treasurer and Manager
Halifax Eurekas 1903: Co-1903 Colored League Champions
Agustus “Gus” Adams –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Herbert W. Allison -Goal
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
William “Harry” A. Flint –Goal/Point
Adolphus Francis Skinner –Team Captain
George Taylor –Cover Point
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Truro Victorias 1904
George Williams -Point/Goal
George Clyke –Team Founder/Center-Point/ Team Captain
James Alexander Clyke -Goal
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Alexander Joseph Paris –Rover
O.Paris –Right Wing
Joe Taylor
Charlottetown West End Rangers 1904
John “Jack” T. Mills –Rover/Team Captain.
Lemuel "Lewis" Mills - Right Wing
Oliver Mills –Point
Dartmouth Jubilees 1904
C. Johnson -Forward
Albert Kelly - Center
Gilbert Richard Lattimore -Point
Hammond Plains Moss Backs 1904
Albert Emmerson – Team Captain
Africville Seasides 1904
John Cassidy -Point /Defense
James Carvery -Forward/Center/Goal
Frederick Carvery -Sub
Richard "Dick" Carvery - Forward/Right Wing
William Carvery, Sr. -Goal
Allen Dixon -Forward/Point/Rover
James E. Dixon - Goal/Forward/Point/Left Wing
Wallace Dixon -Forward/Cover Point
Richard "Dick" Dixon -Sub/Forward
William G. Howe, Jr. -Team Executive
T.G. MacDonald -Treasurer and Manager
Halifax Eurekas 1904: 1904 Colored League Champions
Walter Saunders –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Herbert W. Allison -Goal
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
John Mansfield -Sub
Adolphus Francis Skinner –Team Captain
George Taylor –Cover Point – Team Captain after Skinner leaves team
Laurence Saunders -Sub
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Halifax Eurekas 1905: 1905 Colored League Champions
Walter Saunders –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Herbert W. Allison -Goal
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
John Mansfield -Sub
George Taylor –Cover Point – Team Captain
Laurence Saunders -Sub
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Truro Victorias 1905
George Williams -Point/Goal
George Clyke –Team Founder/Center-Point/ Team Captain
James Alexander Clyke -Goal
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Alexander Joseph Paris –Rover
O.Paris –Right Wing
Joe Taylor
Amherst Royals 1905 - Team competed as a baseball team in Spring/Summer
Adolphus Francis Skinner –Coach/Captain
Halifax Eurekas 1906: 1906 Colored League Champions
Walter Saunders –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Herbert W. Allison -Goal
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
John Mansfield -Sub
George Taylor –Cover Point – Team Captain
Laurence Saunders -Sub
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Truro Victorias 1906
George Williams -Point/Goal
George Clyke –Team Founder/Center-Point/ Team Captain
James Alexander Clyke -Goal
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Alexander Joseph Paris –Rover
O.Paris –Right Wing
Joe Taylor
Halifax Eurekas 1907
Walter Saunders –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Herbert W. Allison -Goal
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
John Mansfield -Sub
George Taylor –Cover Point – Team Captain
Laurence Saunders -Sub
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Truro Victorias 1907
George Williams -Point/Goal
George Clyke –Team Founder/Center-Point/ Team Captain
James Alexander Clyke -Goal
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Alexander Joseph Paris –Rover
O.Paris –Right Wing
Joe Taylor
Halifax Eurekas 1908
Walter Saunders –Forward
George Adams –Forward/Cover Point/Center
Herbert W. Allison -Goal
George “Charlie” Tolliver – Point/Forward
John Mansfield -Sub
George Taylor –Cover Point – Team Captain
Laurence Saunders -Sub
James A. R. Kinney –Team Manager
Truro Victorias 1908
George Williams -Point/Goal
George Clyke –Team Founder/Center-Point/ Team Captain
James Alexander Clyke -Goal
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Alexander Joseph Paris –Rover
O.Paris –Right Wing
Joe Taylor
Truro Victorias 1909
George Williams -Point/Goal
George Clyke –Team Founder/Center-Point/ Team Captain
James Alexander Clyke -Goal
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Alexander Joseph Paris –Rover
O.Paris –Right Wing
Joe Taylor
Truro Victorias 1910
Marty Martin –Left Wing
Ansel Clyke –Forward
William H. Clyke
Truro Colored Hockey League Players Who Served In The No. 2 Construction Battalion During World War I.
Samuel Reece
Frank Leslie Paris
Thomas Seldon Paris
Horace Mentis
James Ivan Talbot
Percy Lewis Byard
Charles Frederick Williams
Harry Henry Tynes
Joseph Palmer Clyke
Truro Colored Hockey League Players Who Served In The 106th Nova Scotia Battalion During World War I.
James Arthur Clyke
Colored Hockey League Officials –1921-1930
Joe Paris – Truro Sheiks Team Manager 1928-1930
Halifax Diamonds 1921: Provincial Baseball Colored Champions 1921
Charles Adams - Sub
Nat Henry Bunyon -Point
Ralph Collins -Center
Al Dilleon - Wing (Pitcher)
C. Gibson - Goal
William T. “Pop Corn” Lambert
George Richardson - Sub
Joe Taylor - Cover Point
John “Jack” Turner – Sub
Truro Tigers 1921: Runner Up – 1921 Baseball Colored Champions
James Talbot – (Pitcher)
Percy Lewis Byard
Wilber Sheppard
Horace Mentis
Edward Clyke
Charles Williams
Samuel Reece
Ralph Collins
James Mentis
Halifax Diamonds 1922
Harold G. Lambert –Forward
William T. “Pop Corn” Lambert
Joe Taylor - Cover Point
John "Jack" Turner - Sub
Halifax Eurekas 1922
___ Barton -Goal
George Brown - Sub
____Brindley -Sub
Herbert S. Carter - Defense
Al Dilleon -Forward
Harry Tynes -Forward
Truro Victorias 1922
Percy Lewis Byard -Sub
Ansel Clyke -Forward
Alexander Clyke -Goal.
Joseph Palmer Clyke -Sub
Horace Mentis –Defense
Thomas S. Paris -Center
Wilbert Sheppard -Sub
Tude Talbot –Wing-Center
Africville Seasides 1922
Aaron 'Pa" Carvery -Defense
Frederick Carvery -Sub
James Carvery -Goal
Richard "Dick" Carvery - Sub
William Carvery, Jr. -Sub
James E. Dixon - Goal/Forward/Point/Left Wing
Richard "Dick" Dixon -Sub/Forward
______Mantley, -Forward
James Paris, Jr. -Defense/Wing
Amherst Royals 1922: 1922 Colored League Champions
Frank Cooke - Wing
Robert Halfkenny -Sub
Frank Jones -Wing
Wilfrid Jordan -Defense
David Martin - Defense
R. Martin -Sub
H. Tankard -Sub
David "Louse" Williams -Center
Oscar Williams –
Truro Victorias 1923
Percy Lewis Byard -Sub
Ansel Clyke -Forward
Alexander Clyke -Goal.
Joseph Palmer Clyke -Sub
Horace Mentis –Defense
Thomas S. Paris -Center
Wilbert Sheppard -Sub
Tude Talbot –Wing-Center
Truro Victorias 1924
Percy Lewis Byard -Sub
Ansel Clyke -Forward
Alexander Clyke -Goal.
Joseph Palmer Clyke -Sub
Horace Mentis –Defense
Thomas S. Paris -Center
Wilbert Sheppard -Sub
Tude Talbot –Wing-Center
Truro Victorias 1925
Percy Lewis Byard -Sub
Ansel Clyke -Forward
Alexander Clyke -Goal.
Joseph Palmer Clyke -Sub
Horace Mentis –Defense
Thomas S. Paris -Center
Wilbert Sheppard -Sub
Tude Talbot –Wing-Center
Truro Victorias 1926
Percy Lewis Byard -Sub
Ansel Clyke -Forward
Alexander Clyke -Goal.
Joseph Palmer Clyke -Sub
Horace Mentis –Defense
Thomas S. Paris -Center
Wilbert Sheppard -Sub
Tude Talbot –Wing-Center
Truro Victorias 1927
Percy Lewis Byard -Sub
Ansel Clyke -Forward
Alexander Clyke -Goal.
Joseph Palmer Clyke -Sub
Horace Mentis –Defense
Thomas S. Paris -Center
Wilbert Sheppard -Sub
Tude Talbot –Wing-Center
The New Glasgow Speedboys -1928
Pete Paris -Goal
George Whalen -Defense
Sam Pervoe -Defense
E. Lawrence -Forward
A. Smithers -Forward
H.L. Smithers -Forward
Eddie Morris - Sub
Raymond Sheppard -Sub
R. Paris -Sub
The Truro Sheiks -1928 (Formerly the Truro Victorias)
Ansel Clyke -Goal
Horace Mentis -Defense
Wilfrid Jordan -Defense
Palmer Jordan -Forward
Frederick (Ted) Dorrington -Forward
Walter (Simmons) Clyke -Forward
Vic Jones -Sub
Elmer Jones -Sub
Team Manager: Joe Paris
Edward "Eddie" Clyke -Sub
The Truro Sheiks -1929
Ansel Clyke -Goal
Wilfrid Jordan -Defense
Palmer Jordan -Forward
Frederick "Ted" Dorrington -Forward
Walter Simmonds Clyke -Forward
Vic Jones -Sub
Elmer Jones -Sub
Edward "Eddie" Clyke -Sub
Team Manager: Joe Paris
The Truro Sheiks - 1930: 1930 Colored Hockey League Champions
Edward "Eddie" Clyke
Stanley "Buster" Clyke
Joe Paris
St. Claire ( Pansy) Byard
Lloyd Talbot
Wilfred Jordan
Palmer Jordan
Ansel Clyke
Frederick "Ted" Dorrington
Walter Simmonds Clyke
Team Manager: Joe Paris
References
- ↑ Black hockey hall of fame proposed for Dartmouth, CBC Sports, August 26, 2006
- ↑ (2009-03-26) Multiple Lenses: Voices from the Diaspora located in Canada, 82. Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
- ↑ "Black ice hockey players helped revolutionize the game | Our Weekly | Black News and Entertainment Los Angeles". Our Weekly. http://ourweekly.com/news/2016/feb/25/black-ice-hockey-players-helped-revolutionize-game/#.V2t6nGulbMI.twitter. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ↑ Wyshynski, Greg, The real roots of hockey, thefourthperiod.com, September 12, 2006
- ↑ "“Everything has a soul, and hockey is no different” – The Varsity". 2016-03-14. http://thevarsity.ca/2016/03/14/everything-has-a-soul-and-hockey-is-no-different/. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ↑ Bob Dawson. "Report : Panel Discussions on Aspects of Black Hockey and the Black Ice Project" (PDF). https://www.smu.ca/webfiles/7Dawson.pdf. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ↑ "NHL, Worry About Rigid Racial Lines Before Climate Change | Rachel Décoste". 2014-07-24. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/rachel-decoste/hockey-and-race_b_5617528.html. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ↑ "Greg Wyshynski :: NHL Hockey Rumors, Trades, Breaking News and more". The Fourth Period. 2007-01-07. http://www.thefourthperiod.com/columnists/wyshynski060912.html. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Drake, Matt (2014-03-28). "Being black in the NHL: From breaking the colour barrier to the Norris trophy - Eyes On The Prize". http://www.habseyesontheprize.com/2014/3/28/5493088/the-history-of-black-players-in-the-nhl. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ↑ "Black league significant in history | The Chronicle Herald". 2012-07-12. http://thechronicleherald.ca/sports/116216-black-league-significant-in-history. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
- ↑ Joe Lapointe. "On eve of NHL draft, Seth Jones poised to take hockey to new heights". Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
- ↑ Cecil Harris. Breaking the Ice: The Black Experience in Professional Hockey, 195. Retrieved on 2016-10-26.
- ↑ Martins, Daniel, Hockey historian credits black player with first slapshot, CanWest News Service, January 31, 2007
- ↑ Drake, Matt (28 March 2014). "Being black in the NHL". http://www.habseyesontheprize.com/2014/3/28/5493088/the-history-of-black-players-in-the-nhl. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ↑ C. Keith Harrison, Ed.D; Brad Brady, M.A., M.S.; Philip E. Hamilton, B.A.; Alicia Valdez, B.A.. "Hockey: Barriers to Crossing the Color Line: the Neglected Story of the Pioneering Players" (DOC). http://www.umich.edu/~paulball/webpage%20papers/Hockey.doc. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
| This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors). |